Of your own popular genera from termites inside the Singapore, the most prevalent infestations are due to Coptotermes , accounting for around 85% of total, with Coptotermes gestroi (Fig. 1) as being the common varieties for the houses, formations ( Kirton Brownish, 2003 ), and even during the real time trees.
C. gestroi is an exotic types native to The southern part of China nonetheless it could have been introduced courtesy people transport so you’re able to as much as the brand new American continents (Kirton Brownish, 2003), where basic report of your own kinds in the New world tropics came from Brazil pre 1923 (Scheffrahn Su, 2000; Evans mais aussi al., 2013). The latest pass on off C. gestroi was basically said out of Marquesas Island (pre 1932), Mauritius (1936), the newest Decreased Antilles (1937), Reunion Isle (1957), Their state (1963, 1999), Fl (1996), Mexico (2000), Taiwan (2001) and Fiji (pre 2009) (Evans ainsi que al., 2013). Occurrence of your own species was basically sometimes known of Micronesia, the greater Antilles, this new Carribean Countries and you may Polynesia. (Evans ainsi que al., 2013) (Fig. 2). The first declaration out-of C. gestroi from inside the Europe came in 2011, where a yacht when you look at the Italy, which had previously went along to Panama, Bahamas, Barbados and you may Jamaica, try discovered to be plagued (Ghesini ainsi que al., 2011).
Every Coptotermes types are best acknowledged by an enormous starting recognized once the fontanelle into forehead of soldier (Fig. 3c). A light latex-eg droplet is sometimes secreted about fontanelle whenever challenged (Fig. 3a). Superficially, C. gestroi soldiers have a purple-reddish lead formed such as for instance a tear miss (Fig. 3b), that have reddish brown mandibles which might be curved apically (Fig. 3d). New base and you may gut try pale white. Other symptomatic has actually try apparent below tiny examination. A set of hairs exists from the rim of your own fontanelle (Fig. 3e). At exactly the same time, there is a weak bulge merely behind new fontanelle if the direct try viewed laterally (Scheffrahn Su, 2000). The newest antennae consist of 14 in order to fifteen articles, towards 2nd blog post longer than the third, therefore the 3rd and you can 4th are subequal. The new labrum is narrowly pointed which have an effective hyaline idea who may have a set of hairs inside (Ahmad, 1965). The newest postmentum is actually a lot of time and you may on the two and a half minutes so long as wide from the largest section, on hips midway between your rear margin additionally the widest point (Ahmad, 1965) (Fig. 3f). New pronotum was emarginate anteriorly, the brand new margin are convex around the emargination (Fig. 3g). There clearly was a little despair in brand new posterior margin.
Alates (winged reproductives) out of C. gestroi also can offer some type of character. New side duration of C. gestroi alates is about 13mm so you can 14mm (Scheffrahn Su, 2000). Your head, pronotum as well as the dorsal region of the abdomen are dark brown (Fig. 3h). 3i).
Termites was eusocial insects you to setting extremely practical colonies spanning of differentiated castes and you will undifferentiated immatures. The terminologies utilized right here to spell it out castes when you look at the C. gestroi pursue that Thorne (1996). It needs to be emphasized one adventist singles to terminologies used ong authors.
A separate C. gestroi colony generally speaking begins once a beneficial swaming experience, in which large numbers of alates exit the colonies in a dispersal flight. After obtaining on the floor and shedding the wings, the seek out a partner begins. People head its lovers to the right nest webpages in which mating happen while the first group out of egg try laid of the the new king in just a few days. The first instar larvae, maintained by queen and king, can get turn into often workers otherwise nymphs (Fig. 4a, 4b) following next molt (Albino Costa-Leonardo, 2011). Nymphs can form into the alates shortly after going right through half a dozen instars (Albino Costa-Leonardo, 2011), otherwise for the brachypterous neotenies that do not circulate but reproduce in this the same colony (Vargo Husseneder, 2009). Workers (Fig. 4c) will get end up as apterous neotenies, are still because specialists, otherwise establish onto presoldiers which can sooner function troops (Vargo Husseneder, 2009).